A Survey on Negative Transfer

Transfer learning (TL) tries to utilize data or knowledge from one or more source domains to facilitate the learning in a target domain. It is particularly useful when the target domain has few or no labeled data, due to annotation expense, privacy concerns, etc. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of TL is not always guaranteed. Negative transfer (NT), i.e., the source domain data/knowledge cause reduced learning performance in the target domain, has been a long-standing and challenging problem in TL. Various approaches to handle NT have been proposed in the literature. However, this filed lacks a systematic survey on the formalization of NT, their factors and the algorithms that handle NT. This paper proposes to fill this gap. First, the definition of negative transfer is considered and a taxonomy of the factors are discussed. Then, near fifty representative approaches for handling NT are categorized and reviewed, from four perspectives: secure transfer, domain similarity estimation, distant transfer and negative transfer mitigation. NT in related fields, e.g., multi-task learning, lifelong learning, and adversarial attacks are also discussed

Image Cluster Berdasarkan Warna Untuk Identifikasi Kematangan Buah Tomat Dengan Metode Valley Tracing

Ciri yang digunakan dalam identifikasi kematangan buah adalah ciri warna (fitur R, G, dan B). Selanjutnya dilakukan clustering dengan metode Single Linkage Hierarchical Method (SLHM) terhadap ciri warna yang diperoleh. Dalam clustering, umumnya harus dilakukan inisialisasi jumlah cluster yang diinginkan terlebih dahulu, padahal pada beberapa kasus clustering, user bahkan tidak tahu berapa banyak cluster yang bisa dibangun. Untuk itu, dalam penelitian ini diaplikasikan metode Valley Tracing. Metode ini merupakan constraint yang akan melakukan identifikasi terhadap pergerakan variance dari tiap tahap pembentukan cluster, dan menganalisa polanya untuk membentuk suatu cluster secara otomatis (automatic clustering). Jumlah cluster yang diperoleh menunjukkan jumlah buah yang diidentifikasi, kemudian nama buah dan jenis kematangan masing-masing buah diperoleh dengan membandingkan nilai centroid tiap cluster dengan nilai centroid data training yang sebelumnya telah disimpan dalam database dan mempunyai label nama buah

Understanding the “Holiday Effect” in Online Restaurant Ratings

Plenty of studies have demonstrated the holiday effect in human decision-makings. However, extant research fails to explore whether and how a holiday effect exists in online word-of-mouth generation. This work utilizes online restaurant reviews obtained from the most popular review platform in China to investigate this question with multiple empirical tests. The results suggest that diners are more likely to give a lower online rating on holidays, and this relationship is driven by a combination of restaurants’ specific reasons and diners’ specific factors. Specifically, the level of crowdedness and the quality of the restaurant can partly explain this relationship. Moreover, reviewers are found to be driven by cognitive mental processes instead of being carried away by emotions when they post online ratings on holidays. However, those who need to work overtime during holidays are found to be driven by bad mood when they post online ratings

Air Pollution and Online Customer Reviews: Evidence from Restaurant Reviews

Air pollution can damage individuals’ physical and mental health, as well as affecting mood. Prior studies show that air quality can influence people’s mood, and severe ambient air pollution can lead to bad mood, thus affects individuals’ behavior. However, the existing studies fail to confirm the relationship between air quality and online customer review. This paper takes online restaurant reviews as an example to examine the impact of air quality, a critical environmental indicator, on online customer reviews across 15 cities in China from December 2013 to October 2017. The results show that air quality index (AQI) in diners’ destination (the city where a restaurant is located) has a significantly negative impact on review rating and such a relationship is positively moderated by the AQI in diners’ hometown. Our results can offer helpful references for both the researchers and practitioners

Zaischnopsis Ashmead 1904

Genus Zaischnopsis Ashmead, 1904 Generic diagnosis Females are characterized by the following characters (Gibson 1995, 2005): body usually dark with various metallic lusters, but sometimes yellow to brown; head with ventral margin of torulus lower than lower orbit, scrobal depression deep or not but dorsally delimiting linear or only very narrow region along upper inner orbit; antenna with scape sometimes slender though often variably compressed; clypeus flat; mandible tridentate; pronotum usually subtriangular and divided medially; mesoscutum usually flat with anterior and lateral parts slightly raised, posterior part slightly concave; mesopectus with setae, acropleuron usually bare; fore wing usually hyaline at base, infuscate beyond base of parastigma, and sometimes with one or more lighter colored band or spots behind marginal vein; mesotibia with oblique apical groove and with dark apical pegs in a patch; gaster elongate, base of gaster usually without white region unlike species of Anastatus; syntergum apically reflexed into fingernail like flange. Key to females of Zaischnopsis from China 1. Fore wing infuscate beyond level of parastigma, gradually lightened distally but without hyaline cross-band or spot (Fig. 2E)....................................................... Z. fuscolivida Tang & Peng sp. nov. – Fore wing infuscate beyond level of parastigma and with hyaline cross-band or spot(s) behind marginal vein (Figs 1E, 3F, 4E, 5E, 6E)........................................................................................... 2 2. Fore wing with single hyaline cross-band behind marginal vein (Fig. 4E)...................................... 3 – Fore wing with one or two hyaline spots behind marginal vein (Figs 1E, 3F, 5E, 6E).................... 6 3. Hyaline cross-band of fore wing very narrow, about ¹/5 to ¹/6 width of basal infuscate region (Peng et al. 2018: fig. 19)............................................................................ Z. fumosa Peng & Xiang, 2018 – Hyaline cross-band of fore wing wide, usually about ½ to ⅓ width of basal infuscate part (Fig. 4E)........................................................................................................................................................... 4 4. Head and mesosoma coppery-green (Fig. 2C); antenna with scape normal, not expanded (Fig. 2G)............................................................................................................. Z. pacis Jiang & Peng sp. nov. – Head and mesosoma dark brown with slight purple luster; antenna with scape foliaceously dilated (Peng et al. 2018: fig. 33)................................................................................................................. 5 5. Metatibia with dorsal margin dark brown to black, though possibly superficially appearing white because of dense white setae (Peng et al. 2018: fig. 37); propodeum with plical region medially very short (Peng et al. 2018: fig. 39)................................................................ Z. tubatius (Walker, 1852) – Metatibia with basal half of dorsal margin white (Peng et al. 2018: fig. 8; cf. Fig. 5A); propodeum with plical region comparatively longer (Peng et al. 2018: fig. 2)........................................................................................................................................................... Z. candetibia Peng & Xiang, 2018 6. Fore wing with two hyaline triangular spots behind marginal vein, one anterior and one posterior (Fig. 1A); plical region comparatively long, distance between inner margins of spiracles only about 3.4 × as wide as median length of plical region (Figs 1I, 10A).......... Z. covid Jiang & Peng sp. nov. – Fore wing with one hyaline spot behind marginal vein anteriorly; plical region comparatively short, distance between inner margin of spiracles 7.3‒10× as wide as median length of plical region..... 7 7. Fore wing with hyaline spot behind marginal vein triangular (Fig. 5E); antenna with eighth funicular ring-like, width about 2 × length (Fig. 5F); scrobal depression bell-shaped, with abrupt margins (Figs 5C, 7E)....................................................................... Z. campaniformis Tang & Peng sp. nov. – Fore wing with hyaline spot behind marginal vein round (Fig. 6E) or irregular in shape (Fig. 3F); antenna with eighth funicular no more than 1.6× as wide as long (Figs 3G, 6G); scrobal depression varied (Fig. 3D)................................................................................................................................ 8 8. Fore wing spot behind marginal vein inconspicuous and irregular (Fig. 3F); scrobal depression comparatively broad, with rounded rather than abrupt margins (Figs 3C, 7C), dorsal margin of scrobal depression closed to anterior ocellus by distance about 0.2 × diameter of anterior ocellus (Figs 3D, 6D)........................................................................................... Z. lii Jiang & Peng sp. nov. – Fore wing spot behind marginal vein hyaline and round; scrobal depression with abrupt margins, dorsal margin of scrobal depression separated from anterior ocellus by distance equal to or more than diameter of anterior ocellus (Fig. 6D)...................................................................................... 9 9. Scutellum coppery, mesoscutum with dense white setae (Peng et al. 2018: fig. 22)............................................................................................................................... Z. nivalinota Peng & Xiang, 2018 – Scutellum greenish, mesoscutum with sparse brown setae (Fig. 6B)........................................................................................................................................................... Z. zhongi Jiang & Peng sp. nov.Published as part of Tang, Hao, Jiang, Jingtao, Deng, Jun & Peng, Lingfei, 2022, Six new species of Zaischnopsis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae) from China based on morphological and molecular data, pp. 1-27 in European Journal of Taxonomy 847 on pages 5-6, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.847.1977, http://zenodo.org/record/733087

A Compositional Heterogeneity Analysis of Mitochondrial Phylogenomics in Chalcidoidea Involving Two Newly Sequenced Mitogenomes of Eupelminae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)

As next-generation sequencing technology becomes more mature and the cost of sequencing continues to fall, researchers are increasingly using mitochondrial genomes to explore phylogenetic relationships among different groups. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the complete mitochondrial genomes of Eupelmus anpingensis and Merostenus sp. We predicted the secondary-structure tRNA genes of these two species and found that 21 of the 22 tRNA genes in Merostenus sp. exhibited typical clover-leaf structures, with trnS1 being the lone exception. In E. anpingensis, we found that, in addition to trnS1, the secondary structure of trnE was also incomplete, with only DHU arms and anticodon loop remaining. In addition, we found that compositional heterogeneity and variable rates of evolution are prevalent in Chalcidoidea. Under the homogeneity model, a Eupelmidae + Encyrtidae sister group relationship was proposed. Different datasets based on the heterogeneity model produced different tree topologies, but all tree topologies contained Chalcididae and Trichogrammatidae in the basal position of the tree. This is the first study to consider the phylogenetic relationships of Chalcidoidea by comparing a heterogeneity model with a homogeneity model

Zaischnopsis lii Tang & Jiang & Deng & Peng 2022, sp. nov.

Zaischnopsis lii Jiang & Peng sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: AD097B05-9AAD-4311-A849-49AE9AB8BFF3 Figs 3, 7C, I, 8G, K–O, 9E–F Diagnosis Head with dorsal margin of scrobal depression separated from anterior ocellus by distance equal to 0.23 × diameter of anterior ocellus (Fig. 3C); OOL: POL: LOL: MPOD = 1.0: 7.2: 8.9: 10.4; antennal clava 3× as long as width, and margins between each clava segment sinuate (Fig. 9F). Metatibia yellowish-brown to brown, basal half of dorsal margin milky white (Fig. 3A). Fore wing disc infuscate with dense brown setae beyond level of parastigma and gradually lightened distally except for one inconspicuous and irregular shaped hyaline spot behind marginal vein (Fig. 3F). Propodeum with anterior margin broadly V-shaped; plical region comparatively long (Figs 3I, 10C). Etymology Named in honor of Li Wenliang (12 Oct. 1986 ‒ 7 Feb. 2020), an ophthalmologist, who was one of the first people to warn about the outbreak of COVID-19, but passed away after being infected with COVID- 19 in Wuhan. He won the China youth Wusi Medal. Material examined Holotype CHINA – Guangxi Prov. • ♀; 广M省大ḤƜ自‼保ÑṂae堂Ɯ [Shengtangshan, Dayaoshan natural reserve]; 15 Aug. 2019; Pang Guilin leg.; DNA 647; FAFU. Paratypes CHINA – Shaanxi Prov. • 1 ♀; KM省安康市ffiDz坝Ḇ子NJ [Xiezigou, Xunyangba, Ankang City]; 25 Jul.–22 Oct. 2017; Malaise trap; DNA 670; FAFU • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; DNA 671; FAFU. Description Female LENGTH. About 6.0 mm. HEAD (Fig. 3C–E). Dark with purple and green metallic luster under some angles of light, with scrobal depression dark blue (Fig. 3C), interantennal prominence dark purple to black (Fig. 3C), parascrobal region and lower face greenish-purple (Fig. 3C), frons black, and vertex and temple black to dark green (Fig. 3D). Setae (Fig. 7C, I) of lower part of parascrobal region, interantennal prominence and lower face white and lanceolate, setae of upper part of parascrobal region, frons (Fig. 7I), gena (Fig. 8G), vertex and occiput brown and hair-like; maxillary and labial palpi dark brown (Fig. 3C). Head in frontal view 1.22 × as wide as high; in dorsal view width 1.73 × length, with interocular distance 0.20 × head width and less than width of eye; in lateral view 1.40 × as high as long. Eye height about 1.12 × width in lateral view; distance between eyes below 3.35 × distance between eyes above; malar space 0.46 × eye height; distance between toruli greater than distance between torulus and clypeal margin, and greater than distance between torulus and orbit. OOL: POL: LOL: MPOD = 1.0: 7.2: 8.9: 10.4. Face (Figs 3C, 7C) with parascrobal region very narrow, interantennal region reticulate, scrobal depression deep and ∩-like, imbricate to reticulate, dorsal margin delimited, separated from anterior ocellus by distance equal to 0.23 × diameter of anterior ocellus; lower orbit above level of dorsal margin of torulus; lower face reticulate; vertex coriaceous posterior to ocelli, temple imbricate; frons imbricate to coriaceous. Antennal (Figs 3G, 9E–F) scape and pedicel with yellowish-purple metallic luster, 1 st to 3 rd funicular segments with slight purple luster, and other segments dark brown, setae brown; scape normal, not expanded; relative length(width) of scape = 40(10), pedicel 9.5(5), 1 st to 8 th funiculars: 6(4), 15.5(5), 19(5), 22(6.5), 15.5(7.5), 14(8), 11(8), 8(9), clava 30(10). MESOSOMA. Pronotum in dorsal view (Fig. 3B), with dark purple metallic luster, setae brown and hair-like; divided medially, pentagonal, reticulate. Mesoscutum (Figs 3B, 8K) almost flat but slightly convex anteriorly and concave posteriorly, and with lateral lobes carinate posteriorly, yellowish-green with lateral lobes slightly purple, anterior convex region with white hair-like setae (Fig. 8L), setae of posterior depressed region light brown and lanceolate (Fig. 8M), and lateral lobe with setae white and lanceolate (Fig. 8N). Scutellar-axillar complex (Fig. 3B) rusty with slight green luster, setae brown and hair-like (Figs 3B, 8O); disc flat (Figs 3B, 8K) with coarsely reticulate pattern arranged longitudinally in scutellum and transversely in axillae; scutellum 1.5× as long as broad. Prepectus (Fig. 3H) black with green to purple metallic luster; tegula with light brown hair-like setae; mesopectus dark purple, with long white hair-like setae linearly arranged along acropleural sulcus; acropleuron black with purple and green metallic luster. Mesopectus reticulate anterior to acropleural sulcus, acropleuron distinctly imbricate. Propodeum (Figs 3H–I, 10C) black with blue metallic luster, anterior margin broadly V-shaped; plical region long, reticulate, with one patch of setae anterior of spiracle, callus almost smooth and bare, but with long white hair-like setae laterally. Fore wing (Fig. 3F) with costal cell dorsally bare except for dark brown setae in infuscate region in front of parastigma; basal cell hyaline, with long brown setae, but slight infuscate at base, mediocubital fold with sparse brown setae; disc infuscate behind parastigma and stigma vein, with dense brown setae and gradually lightened distally, with one inconspicuous and irregularly shaped hyaline region behind marginal vein; fore wing extended near apex of gaster, stigmal vein distinctly bent distally to parallel anterior margin, with SMV: MV: PMV: STV = 11.0: 10.0: 7.0: 3.6. Fore leg (Fig. 3A) with knee brown, femur and tibia black, tarsus yellowish-brown; middle leg with femur black, tibia and tarsus yellowish-brown, spur black, tibial spur shorter than basitarsus; hind leg with femur black except basal part brown, knee brown, tibia yellowish brown to brown, basal half of dorsal margin milky white, tarsus brown, basitarsus longer than the following two tarsomeres combined. GASTER (Fig. 3A). Elongate-lanceolate, longer than mesosoma, dark brown to black with metallic luster, except apex of syntergum and ovipositor sheaths brown; syntergum tapered to rounded apex; ovipositor sheaths exserted for distance as long as length of basal three metatarsomeres. Remarks The fore wing color pattern of females of Z. lii sp. nov. resembles to some extent that of some females of Z. zhongi sp. nov., but they are distinguished by their ∩-like scrobal depression shape compared to the much narrower scrobal depression of females of Z. zhongi (Fig. 7F). Further, the clava of Z. lii is much longer than that of females of the other new species described in this paper, and the margin between each clava segment is S-shaped curved (Fig. 9F). Distribution China: Shaanxi (Palaearctic); Guangxi (Oriental). Variation The length of females of this new species varies from about 5.7 to 6.1 mm; one paratype has the scape slightly expanded, the relative length(width) is 36(10); hind legs of the paratype are bright orange, except the outer sides of the femora are black.Published as part of Tang, Hao, Jiang, Jingtao, Deng, Jun & Peng, Lingfei, 2022, Six new species of Zaischnopsis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae) from China based on morphological and molecular data, pp. 1-27 in European Journal of Taxonomy 847 on pages 12-15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.847.1977, http://zenodo.org/record/733087

Effect of intrauterine infusion of platelet-rich plasma for women with recurrent implantation failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis

This study evaluated the effect of intrauterine perfusion of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on pregnancy outcomes in women with recurrent implantation failure (RIF). Key biomedical databases were searched to identify relevant clinical trials and observational studies. Outcomes included clinical pregnancy rate, chemical pregnancy rate, implantation rate, live birth rate, and abortion rate. Data was extracted from ten studies (six randomised controlled trials, four cohort studies) involving 1555 patients. Pregnancy outcomes were improved in women treated with PRP compared to controls: clinical pregnancy rate (RR = 1.96, 95% CI [1.67, 2.31], p < 0.00001, I2 = 46%), chemical pregnancy rate (RR = 1.79, 95% CI [1.54, 2.08], p < 0.00001, I2 = 29%), implantation rate (RR = 1.90, CI [1.50, 2.41], p < 0.00001, I2 = 0%), live birth rate (RR = 2.83, CI [1.45, 5.52], p = 0.0007, I2 = 83%), abortion rate (RR = 0.40, 95% CI [0.18, 0.90], p = 0.03, I2 = 59%). These data imply PRP has potential to improve pregnancy outcomes in women with RIF, suggesting a promising role in assisted reproductive technology.IMPACT STATEMENT What is already known on this subject? Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous blood product that contains platelets, various growth factors, and cytokines at concentrations above the normal baseline level. Recent studies have shown that intrauterine infusion of autologous PRP can improve pregnancy outcomes in infertile women. What do the results of this study add? This systematic review and meta-analysis of data from ten studies (n = 1555; 775 cases and 780 controls) investigated the effect of intrauterine perfusion of autologous PRP on pregnancy outcomes in women with recurrent implantation failure (RIF). Findings suggest that pregnancy outcomes, including clinical pregnancy rate, chemical pregnancy rate, implantation rate, live birth rate and abortion rate were improved in women treated with PRP compared to controls. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? RIF remains a challenge for researchers, clinicians, and patients. Our study identified PRP as a potential intervention in assisted reproduction. As an autologous blood preparation, PRP eliminates the risk of an immune response and transmission of disease. PRP is low cost and effective and may represent a new approach to the treatment of patients with RIF